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Dueling scars ((ドイツ語:Schmisse)) have been seen as a "badge of honour" since as early as 1825. Known variously as "''Mensur'' scars", "the bragging scar", "smite", "''Schmitte''" or "''Renommierschmiss''", dueling scars were popular amongst upper-class Austrians and Germans involved in academic fencing at the start of the 20th century. Being a practice amongst university students, it was seen as a mark of their class and honour, due to the status of dueling societies at German and Austrian universities at the time, and is an early example of scarification in European society.〔DeMello, Margo (2007). ''Encyclopedia of body adornment'' Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-313-33695-9.〕 The practice of duelling and the associated scars was also present to some extent in the German military. American tourists visiting Germany in the late 19th century were shocked to see the students, generally with their ''Studentcorp'', at major German universities such as Heidelberg, Bonn, or Jena with facial scars – some older, some more recent, and some still wrapped in bandages.〔"Where students fight. Scarred Faces are common sights at Heidelburg." ''Daily Bulletin Supplement''. San Francisco. July 12, 1890.〕 The sport of academic fencing at the time was very different from modern fencing using specially developed swords. The so-called Mensurschläger (or simply Schläger), existed in two versions. The most common weapon is the Korbschläger with a basket-type guard. In some universities in the eastern part of Germany, the so-called Glockenschläger is in use which is equipped with a bell-shaped guard. The individual duels between students, known as ''Mensuren'', were somewhat ritualised. In some cases, protective clothing was worn, including padding on the arm and an eye guard. The culture of dueling scars was mainly common to Germany and Austria, to a lesser extent some central European countries and briefly at places such as Oxford and some other elite universities. German military laws permitted men to wage duels of honor until World War I, and in 1933 the Nazi government legalized the practice once more. Within the duel, it was seen as ideal and a way of showing courage to be able to stand and take the blow, as opposed to inflicting the wound. In fact, the victor was seen as the person who could walk away from the duel with an obvious scar. It was important to showing one's duelling prowess, but also that one was capable of taking the wound that was inflicted. == Social significance == As the scars were gained in this particular elite social context, associated with status and an academic institution, the scars showed that one had courage and also was "good husband material". The duelling scars, while obvious, were not so serious as to leave a person disfigured or bereft of facial features. The scars were even judged by Otto von Bismarck to be a sign of bravery, and men's courage could be judged "by the number of scars on their cheeks".〔"Duelling in Berlin" The Galveston Daily News November 9, 1886.〕 Minority groups in Germany also indulged in the practice, some seeing it as an aid in their social situation, including some Jews who wore the scars with pride. In 1874, William Osler, then a medical student on a visit to Berlin, described "one hopeful young Spanish American of my acquaintance who has one half of his face – they are usually on the left half – laid out in the most irregular manner, the cicatrices running in all directions, enclosing areas of all shapes, the relics of fourteen duels." Some Jews in Germany saw the scars as a signifier of a socially healthy individual. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「dueling scar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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